Discovery brings us face to face with the Israelites’ archenemy
The first extensive Philistine cemetery ever discovered was found outside the walls of ancient Ashkelon. As one of the major Philistine city-states during the Iron Age, Ashkelon was a significant Mediterranean port and boasted a thriving marketplace. Excavations at Ashkelon have revealed many details about how the Philistines lived: the kind of houses they built; the food they ate; the plates, bowls, cups, pots and jars they made; the tools and weapons they used; the jewelry they wore; the imports they bought; the way they made clothes; and much more.Now Ashkelon has yielded the Philistines themselves.
Directed by Lawrence E. Stager, Dorot Professor of the Archaeology of Israel, Emeritus, at Harvard University, and Daniel M. Master, Professor of Archaeology at Wheaton College, the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon discovered the Iron Age cemetery in 2013 and began excavating it extensively in 2014. Three seasons of significant investigation have revealed previously unknown details of the Philistines in death—and life. First of all, the cemetery provides a window into Philistine burial practices.
“Ninety-nine percent of the chapters and articles written about Philistine burial customs should be revised or ignored now that we have the first and only Philistine cemetery found just outside the city walls of Tel Ashkelon, one of the five primary cities of the Philistines,” said Lawrence E. Stager.
Various theories have been proposed about Philistine burial practices: Some thought that the Philistines were burned at death, like Patroclus and other figures in Homer’s Iliad. Others connected late 13th-century B.C.E. Egyptian anthropoid ceramic coffins with the Philistines. While a cemetery has been found at Azor (dated to the Iron Age 1), located at the northern boundary of Philistia, Ashkelon’s cemetery is the first to be found in the heartland of Philistia—and the first to be indisputably Philistine. As such, it is the standard for measuring all other burials claimed to be Philistine, such as the tombs found at Tel Farah (South) and near Tel Eitun, which were found beyond the limits of Philistia but argued by some to be Philistine. All of these “Philistine” burials and practices must be reevaluated in light of Ashkelon’s cemetery—as should perhaps the cemeteries found at Ruqeish (dated to the Iron Age 2) and Erani (Iron Ages 1–2), located at Philistia’s southern and eastern boundaries, respectively.
More than 210 individuals have been excavated from Ashkelon’s cemetery. Their burials have varied from simple pit interments and cremations in jars to interments in ashlar-built tombs—with the most frequent being pit interments. Grave goods dated from the 11th–8th centuries B.C.E. accompanied some of the Philistine burials. The most common items included in Philistine burials are small juglets. Storage jars, bowls and juglets have been found next to many individuals; these installations consist of a storage jar standing upright with a bowl sitting on its top opening and a juglet resting inside the bowl.
Many of the decorated juglets from the cemetery were imported from Phoenicia. This is not surprising since the Philistines had close ties with Phoenician cities of the central Lebanese coast, such as Tyre, Sidon and Byblos. This close relationship is reflected in the Hebrew Bible (see, e.g., Jeremiah 47:4). From other excavated areas at Tel Ashkelon dated to the 12th–7th centuries B.C.E. (the Iron Age), we see that the largest portion of Ashkelon’s imports came from Phoenicia.
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In addition to the many ceramic vessels from Ashkelon’s cemetery, jewelry, amulets and weapons have also been discovered. Individuals were found wearing delicate silver earrings, as well as bronze necklaces, bracelets, earrings and rings. A few bracelets with alternating bronze and carnelian beads and necklaces with alternating carnelian beads and cowrie shells were found; although the strings that originally connected these beads had long deteriorated, the beads themselves stayed in their original positions.
Amulets and scarabs were found with some individuals, as were weapons. Notably, one warrior was buried with a quiver full of bronze arrows. This discovery was made by Adam Aja, Assistant Curator of Collections at the Harvard Semitic Museum and the Expedition’s Assistant Director, who supervised the excavation of Ashkelon’s Philistine cemetery. Although the cemetery has produced a large quantity of grave goods, the majority of the Philistines were buried without personal items.The difference between Philistine burials and other burials in the region is compelling. The earlier Canaanites, as well as the Israelites and Judahites of the Iron Age, buried their dead in two steps. They first laid out their dead—usually on a bench in a tomb—and waited for the corpses to deflesh. Then about a year later, they gathered the deceased’s bones into niches in the tomb—repositories—where the bones were mixed with those of their ancestors. This process is not seen in Ashkelon’s Philistine cemetery, which has instead yielded many fully articulated skeletons. Sometimes burial pits would be dug again, and new individuals would be laid on top of previous burials—with their own grave goods—but the earlier burials were not intentionally disturbed. Relationships between those buried in the same pits and tombs are currently being investigated.
Not only does Ashkelon’s cemetery shed light on Philistine burial practices, but it also illuminates the Philistines as a people group.
“After decades of studying what the Philistines left behind, we have finally come face to face with the people themselves,” said Daniel M. Master, Co-Director of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon. “With this discovery we are close to unlocking the secrets of their origins.”
The Bible records that the Philistines, Israel’s archenemy, came from Caphtor (see, e.g., Amos 9:7). Many correlate Caphtor with the island of Crete. An Aegean heritage for the Philistines lines up well with the archaeological finds from Philistia. Modern excavations at the Philistine sites of Ashdod, Ekron, Ashkelon, and Gath (Tell es-Safi)—four city-states of the Philistine Pentapolis—have demonstrated that the Philistines brought their own distinctive types of pottery, building styles, weapons, jewelry and weaving with them when they settled on the southern coast of Israel around the 12th century B.C.E.
Ashkelon’s cemetery supports the Philistines’ distinctness from their neighbors and may be able to connect the Philistines to related populations in the Aegean world. Bone samples of the cemetery’s population are undergoing DNA testing, radiocarbon dating and biological distance studies (the degree of genetic relatedness). The results of these investigations may give us a better picture of the Philistines’ heritage, when Ashkelon’s cemetery was in use, and how the population of the cemetery was related to one another.
Sherry Fox, the head forensic anthropologist analyzing Ashkelon’s Philistine burials, has already identified some of the illnesses and traumas that plagued the Philistines. Her team’s study of the material is sure to yield many other insights into the Philistines, such as common traits and average life span. Although their investigations are just beginning, Fox and her team have noted a curious phenomenon: The vast majority of the individuals from Ashkelon’s cemetery are adults. Just a small percentage is children and infants. In a culture that surely experienced high rates of infant mortality, this is surprising. Where did the Philistines bury all of their babies? This question warrants further investigation.The discovery of Ashkelon’s cemetery was announced on July 10, 2016, at a press conference in Jerusalem and coincided with the opening of Ashkelon: A Retrospective, 30 Years of the Leon Levy Expedition, an Israel Museum exhibition at the Rockefeller Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem. The exhibit features discoveries from the Philistine cemetery, as well as artifacts uncovered from recent excavations at Tel Ashkelon that are representative of the site’s long, diverse occupational history from the Chalcolithic period through the Crusades. Highlights include the famous Canaanite silver calf (dated to the 16th century B.C.E.) that was found in a shrine on Ashkelon’s ramparts and beautiful imported Greek pottery from Ashkelon’s Philistine marketplace that was well-preserved due to Nebuchadnezzar’s destruction of the city in 604 B.C.E.
2016 marked the final season of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon, which began excavating the site in 1985. The discovery of the Philistine cemetery is a nice addition to 30 years of extraordinary finds at Ashkelon.
The Philistine Marketplace at Ashkelon
Where Did the Philistines Come From?
Adornment in the Southern Levant by Josephine Verduci
Iron Age Gate and Fortifications Uncovered at Philistine Gath
The “Philistines” to the North
This Bible History Daily feature was originally published on July 10, 2016.
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There not going to tell us what the Y-DNA results are? It’s been a long time
I hope you tell us what their DNA says about them. Especially what their Y-DNA and mitochondria DNA groupings are.
Sometimes I wonder if desecrating graves, essentially grave robbing, is worth the archeological information derived from it. Is nothing sacred?
Wait. I want to understand something. In all other supposed “Philistine” sites, like Tel Miqne and the like, we find Aegean material culture, pottery sherds etc.
But here, in what you say is definitely a Philistine burial site, the material culture seems more mixed, since you found Phoenician pottery, and not Aegean.
What’s the explanation for this difference? Would you not expect to find Aegean pottery in there? Sure, the burial custom itself is certainly non native, but this would appear to me to indicate the “Philistine” referred to coastal-living, generally seafaring, migrants mixed with locals, Canaanite/Phoenician mixed with Aegean even Egyptian, conglomeration of people. It does not seem to reinforce the idea that across all the Philistine sites is a cohesive, singular, unitary culture, but instead one that evolved as it mixed the near and far.
Anyone have any insight on this? Am I missing something?
As to the infants the Bible states that these people may have been involved in infant sacrificial rites to the god molech.
Is it not morally and ethically wrong to excavate those who cannot give their consent? Do the dead belong to us to do with what we wish?
DNA DNA DNA
Please
The DNA (Y Haplptype results), when can we expect them ? I can’t wait !
In reply to Tom:
As far as I know, no research on Israelite DNA has been done. And there was never an ‘United kingdom’ era – Israel and Judah developed as seperate kingdoms, although they share similar customs. (From https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-misconceptions-about-ancient-Israel)
Didn’t Aren Maeir find a Philistine cemetery at Tell es-Safi/Gath a few years ago?
I am most curious to see what the DNA evidence reveals.
On a related note, has any research been done on ancient Israelite (United Kingdom era) DNA to determine who their descendants are today? Surely they encompass more than just the 15 million or so people that today are considered Jews.
I noticed that the skull shown had a full set of teeth . Is this normal for the age and time ? As mideval skulls show that teeth were lost due to poor hygiene
I understand that not All Phillistines were giants. Only the family related to Og of Bashan. The rest were not.
Congratulations on this fabulous find and thank you for sharing the information.
An Incredible find, BRAVO! My curiosity however poses a question out of the knowledge I have from the Bible. Are we not told that the Philistines were ‘giants’?
Thank you
Is there a detailed archaeological report or a book with more details and photos about this cemetery that can be purchased? If yes, please provide link.
The teeth are in great shape. What is their secret ?
Is there a secular website/journal that these findings are posted in? If so, could you provide that as a source? (To be a Greek with a Greek, etc.)
The results of DNA tests will be of a great interest to answer this question:
Who were the Historical Ancient Philistines? Semitic Arabs, ancestors of the so-called Palestinians? Or an Indo-European Greek related tribe settled in the South of the Levant?