Epilepsy, Tutankhamun and Monotheism
A theory on inherited disease in the Egyptian New Kingdom
The Death of Tutankhamun
Archaeologist Howard Carter examines Tutankhamun’s remains after his discovery in 1922. What may be the world’s most famous archaeological discovery has also sparked the great debate: what killed the boy king?
Howard Carter’s discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 not only revealed the opulence of Egyptian antiquities, it sparked one of the greatest medical and forensic mysteries in human history. While a CT scan in 2005 revealed an infected broken leg and a 2010 study of the mummy revealed the DNA of a malaria-causing parasite, the longstanding debate is far from solved. A new theory by Imperial College London surgeon Hutan Ashrafian suggests that the studies of pharaonic death are too focused on the individual’s conditions, and may miss the big picture.
Tutankhamun died at a young age with a feminine physique. His closest relatives, including his father Akhenaten, his uncle or brother Smenkhkare and preceding 18th dynasty pharaohs Amenhotep III and Tuthmosis IV, all shared similar features and fates. While scholars tend to relate the deaths of these pharaohs to separate circumstances, Hutan Ashrafian suggests that the royal family may have had an inherited disorder: temporal lobe epilepsy.
In the FREE eBook Ancient Israel in Egypt and the Exodus, top scholars discuss the historical Israelites in Egypt and archaeological evidence for and against the historicity of the Exodus.
Ancient Egyptian Pictures of Pharaohs: Does Epilepsy Provide a Clue?
Temporal lobe epilepsy is known to affect the release of hormones and sexual development. Tutankhamun was depicted with a feminine physique. Due to his short life, his representations are far less common than the widespread depictions of his father, Akhenaten. The rebellious pharaoh is often considered the world’s first monotheist and was described by the great Egyptologist Henry Breasted as “the first individual in history.” Akhenaten is notoriously depicted in innumerable representations with feminine curves and Mick Jagger-like lips. In Aspects of Monotheism (full book available for free in the BAS Library), Donald B. Redford describes the ruler’s unique physique:
Above all, Akhenaten had himself represented in a way that, even by the ancients, was not considered flattering: His skull seems malformed, with a lanternlike jaw and an over-heavy head on an elongated neck; and spindly legs support his curiously feminine torso.
The legendary Pharaoh Akhenaten, Tutankhamun’s father, established a short-lived monotheistic reign at his new capitol, Amarna.
Epilepsy may have shaped more than just pharaonic physical features; one of the leading theories of Tutankhamun’s death is based around a serious and infected leg fracture shortly before his death. Rather than presenting an alternative form of death, the epileptic hypothesis presents a seizure-prone king, more susceptible to physical injury due to his illness.
Epilepsy and Egyptian Monotheism
Hutan Ashrafian’s theory of epilepsy extends far beyond the death of a single pharaonic figure; he posits that the epilepsy may have accounted for some major developments in the Egyptian New Kingdom. When people suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy are exposed to sunlight, they are prone to seizures, often resulting in hallucinations and religious visions. Two important 18th-dynasty pharaohs in Tutankhamun’s family had significant religious revelations centered on sunlight. The so-called Dream Stele discovered at Giza describes a religious vision of Tuthmosis IV. “At the moment the sun was at zenith … this noble god speaking from his own mouth like a father speaks to his son, and saying: ‘Look at me, observe me, my son Thutmose.’”
Akhenaten ruled during Egypt’s New Kingdom, which declined in the 12th century B.C.E. in the cataclysmic Bronze Age Collapse. Read more about the end of the Bronze Age here.
Akhenaten is depicted worshipping the sun-disk, the only god in his new monotheistic pantheon. Hutan Ashrafian suggsts that his feminine physique and sunlight-based visions may have been caused by epilepsy.
Akhenaten’s religious sun-visions took on a much more dramatic form. Akhenaten inherited the New Kingdom throne in the 14th century B.C.E. at the height of the polytheistic dynasty’s power. Recent pharaohs had expanded the nation’s boundaries and created massive temples for their pantheon of deities, yet Akhenaten changed everything for the sake of a sun and light-based Egyptian monotheism. While later pharaohs were quick to reverse Akhenaten’s religious shift and restore polytheism for centuries to come, Akhenaten’s reign stands out as a distinct milestone in the development of religious thought. In his article “Monotheism: The Egyptian Roots” James P. Allen describes Akhenaten’s religious innovations, and his promotion of light and the sun above all other divinities.
Despite its fundamental and persistent polytheism, ancient Egypt also gave birth to the world’s earliest recorded belief in a single god. This was the religion espoused by the so-called heretic pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 1352–1336 B.C.). After ruling for five years in traditional Egyptian fashion, the pharaoh changed his name from Amenophis, which honored the state god Amun, to Akhenaten, meaning “He who is effective for the Sun Disk.” At the same time, he created a new capital on the Nile at Tell el-Amarna, midway between the traditional Egyptian capital, Memphis, and the religious center of Thebes. He called his new city Akhetaten, meaning “Place where the Sun Disk becomes effective.” Clearly, he wanted to make a break with the past…
It is known as the Amarna Period. Its god—indeed, the god of all Egypt if Akhenaten could have had his way—was the natural phenomenon of light, which Akhenaten saw as the prime force in the universe…
When Akhenaten first promulgated his new religion, he identified this force with the traditional sun god Re-Harakhti—that is, the sun (Re) appearing as ruler of the world at dawn (Harakhti). But this traditional god was given another name in Akhenaten’s new religion—a long formula known as the didactic name, which is more credo than name: “The living one, Re-Harakhti, who becomes active in (or from) the Akhet [the space just below the visible horizon] in his identity of the light that is in the sun disk.” This new name served to disassociate Akhenaten’s theology even further from traditional Egyptian notions of divinity. It emphasized the abstract nature of his god: The new image was not an icon to be worshiped but merely a large-scale version of the hieroglyph for light…
Akhenaten’s religion seems to have begun as another example of traditional Egyptian henotheism, the practice of stressing the primacy of one god over all others.
If proven, Hutan Ashrafian’s theory of inherited epilepsy could have ramifications beyond a single medical mystery; it could account for religious shifts in one of the world’s greatest empires. Unfortunately, there is no definitive test for epilepsy, so Ashafian’s theory will remain exactly that: a speculative account.
In the FREE eBook Ancient Israel in Egypt and the Exodus, top scholars discuss the historical Israelites in Egypt and archaeological evidence for and against the historicity of the Exodus.
Related reading in Bible History Daily:
Where is Queen Nefertiti’s Tomb?
Has Queen Nefertiti’s Tomb Been Located?
When Egyptian Pharaohs Ruled Bronze Age Jerusalem
To See or Not to See: Technology Peers into Ancient Mummies
Additional resources in the BAS library:
“Past Perfect: King Tut, I Presume?” Archaeology Odyssey, July/August 2002.
James P. Allen, “Monotheism: The Egyptian Roots,” Archaeology Odyssey, July/August 1999.
Donald B. Redford, “The Monotheism of the Heretic Pharaoh,” Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 1987.
Donald B. Redford, “The Monotheism of Akhenaten,” in Hershel Shanks and Jack Meinhardt, eds., Aspects of Monotheism (Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1996), pp. 11-26.
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This Bible History Daily article was originally published on September 14, 2012.
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With the discarding of the King’s, brain during Egyptian death rites. Any medical evidence of this latest claim is just a claim by another scholar looking for zebras when perhaps they should first tend to the horses of normalcy.
Medical science has determined that a leading cause of the Bronze Age King’s death is likely his fractured thighbone. Before medical science advanced from Iron Age chest plastering to nuclear science death relating to fractured thighbones was catastrophic and rarely at the time of accident. This is because of the biomechanics of human physiology. Today, fractured thighbones do not lead to blood clots or fat embolisms because these risks are known and are circumvented before it happens.
The compound fracture of the King’s distal thighbone was certainly enough to release either a blood clot or glob of fat into his bloodstream. The time allowing for the signs of healing noted in the broken skin should be consider as the amount of time for that released agent of death to reach his vital organs, heart, lungs or brain. Death due to this cause is noted for its pain; look at the King’s face!
Another favored “cause of death” is infection; this denies the fact that Ancient Egyptians were noted for their ability to treat infections in their common people. Except for their God-King?
The only reasonable answer for his death is the horse of traditional cause of death throughout the world after a fracture of the thighbone an embolism- a blood clot, or more likely fat. Since his vital organs except the brain are available, it would be interesting to see, if scans could detect an embolism in them. Then there is the lack of his brain matter to consider.
And he just happend to die as the “Death Angle” Passed-over on Friday the 13th!
The total Solar Eclipse directly over Amarna on May 14, 1338 happened at noon. The eclipse took place between the horns of Taurus (making the constellation visible at noon). A painting in the tomb of Akhenaton’s High Priest Meryra has an image of the Sun unlike any other in Egypt that resembles a total Solar Eclipse. The end of Akhenaton can probably be dated to this Eclipse, the Sun standing down to the Moon over his temple at high noon is probably what did him in.
http://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/amarna/meryra/photo/meryra_44v.jpg
Not a new idea about epilepsy per se. The 1940s novel(!) The Egyptian by Waltari assumes this already for Akhenaten, even if not an inherited one necessarily.
Akhenapten’s wife was Nephertiri. From the image of Akhenapten here, I see that he was one-eyed. The famous bust of Nephertiri shows that she was one-eyed also.
In my Jehovah’s Witnesses interlinear New Testament I read that the first versions of the LXX always showed the Tetragramaton in Hebrew. Current versions of this version are based on late Roman translations. In Greek versions, the Tetragramaton could have been interpreted as “Pi-Pi” by Jews who could not read Hebrew (or Aramaic). Pi is as in 3.14, the ratio used for calculating lengths in circles. Can someone interpret Zaphnath-Paanneah from Hebrew into Greek and into English as in the situation indicated that the tetragramaton was read from left to right? What does Zaphnath-Paanneah look like in Greek if reversed from Hebrew. Also his wife. What does her name look like when the Hebrew spelling is translated to Greek letters and read left to right instead of right to left?
Akhenaton called himself the ‘Son of God’
(The Moniotheism of the Heretic Pharaoh; Donald B. Redford; Biblical Archelogical Review May/June 1987, VOL. XIII. NO.3)
The most likely Biblical canidate for Akhenaton was Aaron. Both left the herd to worship the Solar Calf. Both observed the Jubile. Aaron was the High Priest of the Levites and the jubile doctrine of,’Seven Sabbaths of Years’
Here the king of Jerusalem is under attack by the Apiru in the land and appeals to the Pharaoh for help in the Amarna Letters.
Say to the king, my lord: Message of Abdi-Heba, your servant. I fall at the feet of my lord 7 times and 7 times. …. EA 287
Say to the king, my lord, my god, my Sun: Message of Shuwardata, your servant, the dirt at your feet. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. … EA 280
Leviticus 25:8
And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven times seven years; and the space of the seven sabbaths of years shall be unto thee forty and nine years.
שבעים שבעים (Daniel 9:24)
😉
Quite a sweeping statement to say that
‘preceding 18th dynasty pharaohs Amenhotep III and Tuthmosis IV, all shared similar features and fates’
Not something I have read elsewhere in research journals or articles.
As for the leg injury very recent research has shown that it was only part of an injury that Tutankhamon sustained, and the cause of death was a crushed left side of the body with damage to ribs and heart, caused in all probability by being hit by a chariot.
as regards Thutmose IV and the dream stele, this has been shown to be a justification of his becoming pharaoh as he was not actually the one to whom the title should have gone.
And as to Akhenatons monotheism, why does that have to be anything more than what it is! a mans attempt to find his way! if he had suceeded with his new religion, would anyone have remarked on it? perhaps only to mention that it was perhaps down to Jewish influence and nothing more sinsiter
I am not an expert, but read that they commonly married their sisters. This would increase the possibility of genetic inherited disease. I hadn’t heard the epilepsy theory, but did read the possibility of Marphan syndrome which is a hereditary disorder in which the individual has exceptionally long arms and if they live long develop a bent over appearance. In addition the aorta in these people is tortuous and prone to anuresym causing a person to die suddenly due to a massive internal hemorrhage in the chest cavity. Has this been explored as well? Could they find DNA markers for this?
Good article. Especially significant is the connection betwwen Thuthmose IV and Amenhotep IV, both of whom broke with the Theban god Amun in favor the Heliopolan god Ra, but in Akhenaton’s case he took the solar deity to a whole new level. The “Hymn to the Aton” has been compared to Psalm 104, and in paticular verse 2 which describes Yahweh as being “wrapped in a robe of light.” Thothmose IV married a princess from the kingdom of Mitanni, with its capital city Washukanni situated on the Euphrates River. Akhenaton’s father, Amenhotep III, married three princesses from Mitanni, which was dominated by a ruling class of Indo-Europeans known as Maryannu (lords of the sky) and who worshipped gods from India. During this period the earliest part of the Rig Veda was composed, a collection of hymns recited by seers known as Rsis who fathom the mysteries of creation and whose visions are decribed as illumination:
“These visions and inspired thoughts take shape in the rsi’s heart and find vocalized expression through the speech of the rsi as recited hymns, which are described as sound-forms illumined with light; ‘clothed in beautiful white garments’ and ‘shining like a flame of fire,’ the hymns expand when recited like heaven’s light. The rsis, irradiated with the light of their cognition and ‘bearing light in the mouth,’ are themselves said to be radiant like the sun” (Veda and Torah, by Barbara Holdrege, p.233).
We are the Royal descendants of Pharaoh Amenhotep 4th aka Akhenaten, aka MOSES! From Akhenaten was actually MOSES! We descend from his grandson who went to Ireland in 1398BC as King Gaedheal born from Moses’s eldest daughter Princess Scota in her marriage to Prince Nuil from Scythe Magog! And so we as the Britannia Royals originating in Dahlria are Scottish -Irish Royals as were the Stewarts before they abdicated the throne of Britain in 1689AD. We however are still full Royals of Britain second cousins to the Windsor’s we infact out rank as High King status! The real British Royals who descend also from our Scottish Kings Corbred 1st and 2nd and High King Mac Alpin……