The Staurogram
When did Christians start to depict images of Jesus on the cross?
The staurogram combines the Greek letters tau-rho to stand in for parts of the Greek words for “cross” (stauros) and “crucify” (stauroō) in Bodmer papyrus P75. Staurograms serve as the earliest images of Jesus on the cross, predating other Christian crucifixion imagery by 200 years. Photo: Foundation Martin Bodmer.
How and when did Christians start to depict images of Jesus on the cross? Some believe the early church avoided images of Jesus on the cross until the fourth or fifth century.
In “The Staurogram: Earliest Depiction of Jesus’ Crucifixion” in the March/April 2013 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, Larry Hurtado highlights an early Christian crucifixion symbol that sets the date back by 150–200 years.
Larry Hurtado describes how a symbol known as a staurogram is created out of the Greek letters tau-rho: “In Greek, the language of the early church, the capital tau, or T, looks pretty much like our T. The capital rho, or R, however, is written like our P. If you superimpose the two letters, it looks something like this: 
. The earliest Christian uses of this tau-rho combination make up what is known as a staurogram. In Greek the verb to ‘crucify’ is stauroō; a ‘cross’ is a stauros … [these letters produce] a pictographic representation of a crucified figure hanging on a cross—used in the Greek words for ‘crucify’ and ‘cross.’”
The tau-rho staurogram is one of several christograms, or monogram-like devices, used by ancient Christians to refer to Jesus. However, Larry Hurtado points out that the staurogram only refers to the crucifixion, unlike others, which mention Jesus’ other characteristics. Also, the staurogram is visual—the tau-rho combinations create images of Jesus on the cross, making the staurogram the earliest Christian images of Jesus on the cross.
The tau-rho staurogram, like other christograms, was originally a pre-Christian symbol. A Herodian coin featuring the Staurogram predates the crucifixion. Soon after, Christian adoption of staurogram symbols served as the first visual images of Jesus on the cross.
Larry Hurtado writes: “In time christograms came to be used not only in texts but as free-standing symbols of Christ or Christian faith, for example on liturgical vestments and church utensils. This was probably also true of the staurogram, tau-rho; where it would represent simply an independent symbol of Christ or Christian faith. But the earliest use of the tau-rho was as a visual reference to Jesus’ crucifixion. As such, it is the earliest surviving depiction of Jesus’ crucifixion.”
Subscribers: For more about the earliest Christian images of Jesus on the cross, read the full article “The Staurogram: Earliest Depiction of Jesus’ Crucifixion” by Larry Hurtado as it appears in the March/April 2013 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review.
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This Bible History Daily feature was originally published in March 2013.
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The fact you say stauros means a cross is pretty much a blatant misleading lie… It meant stake and nothing else. An upright pole. Truly disgusting that your articles are mentioned here. Some people will do anything to believe a lie they’ve always been told.
Ernest, I suppose there is one way this can be solved. Let’s see who put in a copyright for stauros, a pole, as a method of torture. Next, let’s check to see who put in a copyright for the person who added a crossbar. Cross-reference this (no pun intended) with lawsuits filed by stauros against those who added a crossbar. Also check ATT for lawsuits about hanging telephone wire on poles, versus on poles with crossbars–along with crossbars that hang lower, like an attractive pendant. This could be informative…or invite controversy.
“Some people will do anything to believe a lie they’ve always been told.”
Yes. Please stop believing the lies of the Masonic Watchtower and Bible Tract Society.
jwfacts.com/watchtower/davinci-freemason.php
Jesus was crucified in the Passover week. He was according to John the Baptist: “the lamb of God, that taketh away the sins of the world”. The Israelites in Egypt, according to Exodus 12, were saved by the applying of the blood of a lamb on their two door posts, and on the top part of their doorframes. Three applications in a cross-shaped pattern. This was the first Passover, which later became our Easter. To me it is logical to believe that almighty God led the events in the fulfilment of his salvation plan with the human race to copy this blood stained doorframe pattern in the execution of his redemptatory “lamb”.
The T is an archaic solar symbol and the sun was the emblem of the Creator, whose son was Horus. The Horites were devotees of Ra, Horus and Hathor. The R is also an ancient sign or mark and can represent a priest or a deified ruler.
Alice, Thank you for that info. I notice that you wrote on a Monday. Monday isn’t named after an ancient, one-handed Norse god like Tuesday is, and it doesn’t take its name from a powerful god who fashioned the human race like Wednesday does. Monday does, however, reference one of the most recognizable and revered objects in the night sky: the moon (there is still a god in a chariot involved,…).
The English name for Monday comes from the Anglo-Saxon word Mōnandæg, which loosely means “the moon’s day.” Mōna is the word for moon in Old English.
The second day of the week has been classified as the moon’s day since Babylonian times. The Babylonians were the ones who decided on a seven-day week, and they named five of the days for planets, and one each for the sun and for the moon.
Ancient Romans followed the same pattern, though they technically thought they were naming every day after a planet, since the Romans thought that the sun and moon were planets in their own right. For the Romans, every planet had an associated god or goddess, and Luna was the goddess that personified the moon.
The Ancient Roman influence in the name for Monday in Latin (dies lunae, or “day of the moon”) and the romance languages (lunes in Spanish, lundi in French, and lunedi in Italian).
I’m not sure I can trust someone who writes on a Monday, since it comes from pagan and non-biblical sources. Just saying.
The argument made by Jehovah’s Witnesses is based on pseudo-scholarship. On any topic there are going to be a few individuals who stand out to disagree, but what one needs to focus on are the arguments and evidence they present. In the case of the cross implement those who disagree and claim it was of a different form do not have any evidence to present. What’s more there are evidences of the cross symbol appearing in ancient Jewish festivals which are usually interpreted by Christians as foreshadowing the crucifixion. For example, the High Priest when going into the Holy of Holies would splash the blood before and on the mercy seat in the shape of a cross. According to first century Jewish writings the lambs on passover at that time were roasted on two wooden spits in the shape of a cross. Moses while in the wilderness placed a serpent on a cross. In writings of early Christians like Justin and Tertullian we find references to Jesus being executed on a cross-shaped implement and even taking analogies from Roman life to demonstrate how the shape of a cross is present in many things which they then argued prefigured Christ. There are also two archaeological sites from the first and second century which have crosses used in contexts that related to Jesus and early Christianity: a cross pressed into a wall behind a picture in Pompei, and the Alexamenos graffito. The evidence that Jesus was executed on a cross with the shape we’re familiar with today is overwhelming.
When true Christians worship God, they do not use the cross. Why not?
The cross has been used in false religion for a long time. In ancient times it was used in nature worship and in pagan sex rites. During the first 300 years after Jesus’ death, Christians did not use the cross in their worship. Much later, Roman Emperor Constantine made the cross a symbol of Christianity. The symbol was used to try to make Christianity more popular. But the cross had nothing to do with Jesus Christ. The New Catholic Encyclopedia explains: “The cross is found in both pre-Christian and non-Christian cultures.”
Jesus did not die on a cross. The Greek words translated “cross” basically mean “an upright stake,” “a timber,” or “a tree.” The Companion Bible explains: “There is nothing in the Greek of the [New Testament] even to imply two pieces of timber.” Jesus died on an upright stake.
Jehovah does not want us to use images or symbols in our worship.—Exodus 20:4, 5; 1 Corinthians 10:14. https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102015160#h=48:0-51:281
You should look into your own religion before you condemn the cross.
https://jwfacts.com/watchtower/davinci-freemason.php
Here I was thinking: “Boy these archaeologists are clever people, really smart!!!
Sorry, not really, when you cannot even translate the extant manuscripts correctly.
We know that in the Bible the two words, stau·rosʹ, and xyʹlon, are when talking of the instrument of Jesus death……..and neither of the mean a cross, or anything that resembles a cross.
It did not come into ‘Christian’ (and I use the word very loosely) until Constantine, and what an advert he was for Christianity…..NOT.
oops!!……typo(s)
1. stau·rosʹ, and xyʹlon, are when talking………I missed ‘used’ between are and
when
2. neither of the mean a cross,……..should have ‘them’ instead of ‘the’
3. into ‘Christian’ (and I use the word very loosely) until Constantine,…….. I omitted
the word ‘use’ after the bracket
Sorry about that.
It’s good to know that JWs like to scour the internet, too; some of them actually want to learn what others know to be true. Always welcome!
The “founding father” of the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Charles T. Russell, used a Masonic cross and crown in his early publications like the Watchtower magazine. His followers wore Masonic cross and crown badges for identification. And guess what? Your beloved Russell has a pyramid at his gravesite with the Masonic cross and crown engraved into it. So before you call anyone who uses a cross a pagan, you should look into your own religion.
Crucifixion didn’t begin and end with Jesus. Josephus, Cicero, Seneca the Younger and others testify to witnessing many crucifixions, some on upright stakes, others on various configurations of crosses. The earliest representations of Jesus’ crucifixion describe a T-shaped cross rather than the traditional Christian cross with the cross bar lower than the top. Those wishing to do further research can begin with the Wikipedia entry and the supporting citations in the footnotes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion
As far as I know, crucifixion was used extensively, in public, to show what would happen if citizens were to rebel against the ruling class. It was not an equilateral cross, but one with the center beam moved up to hold the arms and head as the person died. I would think that the followers of Jesus would have embraced the cross (as a symbol) Jesus died on fairly soon after his death.
Prior mythologies (Greek, for example) would have the souls of the dead going downward into a land of the shades, or something like that, which was not very promising. Jesus myth has him ascending. This marked a monumental change for the traditional, rather dismal, afterlife, for one of eternal spring.
Wound intermittently with the staurogram discussion thread is the one regarding the nature of the word “stauros”, submitted by the usual advocates. This is as much an issue of semantics as anything else, but it does cause one to go back to a Greek text, Concordance and lines that are fundamental to our perceptions of faith.
In Strong’s, stauros is #4716 identified as cross. In the NT it is the word to which the 4 Gospels and several epistles use to describe where Jesus Christ was nailed. And there have been all manner of reconstruction debates about its shape.
What’s more. It’s not simply an issue of Greek translation, but also of Latin, since this execution was a matter of Roman law. Accounts of Roman crucifixions come to us in Greek in the case of Spartacus, but also in Latin from Caesar’s commentaries.
But there are also the related statements of Christ in the 3 Canonical Gospels ( Mark, Matthew and Luke) in response to the rich man “to come take up the cross and follow me”, Mark 8:34, Matt 10:38, Luke 9:23. The incident described precedes the crucifixion – and yet is colored in the writers’ minds very much by the event.
It is not some sort of distortion of the Gospel that transforms the cross into a religious icon, but the texts themselves. The authors quote Jesus prior to the crucifixion. The readers for centuries have wondered how they can take up a burden and follow Christ.
How the advocates wish to re-translate these texts in their editions of the Gospels is their problem.
Why do you translate stauros as “crux “ “crucify “ when the root meaning is pole , tree? Please reference these scriptures acts 5:30, acts13:29 ,acts 10:39 ,Joshua 8:29, exodus 20:4,5,Deuteronomy 4:15-18