Condemned to Mine Copper
Early Christian persecution at Faynan, Jordan
Early Christian persecution often calls to mind the martyrs who were tortured, crucified, burned or even killed by wild animals in the gladiatorial arenas of the Roman Empire. But it sometimes took another form, as explained by archaeologists Thomas Levy and Mohammad Najjar in their article “Condemned to the Mines” in the November/December 2011 issue of BAR. Damnatio ad metalla, or condemnation to the mines, meant that the convicted would be forced to mine copper, often in the copper-rich region of the Faynan, Jordan. With the grueling work that it took to mine copper in the oppressive conditions of the Faynan, the laborers were often worked to death, making this form of early Christian persecution tantamount to a death sentence.
Sending condemned prisoners to mine copper in the Faynan in present-day Jordan was a popular form of early Christian persecution in the Roman Empire. It was grueling work, and in the horrible conditions of the Faynan mines, it was essentially a death sentence for all who were sent here. Photo: Thomas E. Levy, UCSD Levantine Archaeology Lab.
People began to mine copper—or at least collect and work it—by the end of the Neolithic period (7500–5700 B.C.E.), and the process of copper smelting arose around 4500–4000 B.C.E. in the Chalcolithic period. Regions in Israel and south of the Dead Sea, such as the Faynan, are home to some of the world’s earliest copper production sites.
The Faynan district proved to be a productive region to mine copper, as was done at several points by the local rulers throughout ancient history. The Biblical king Solomon may even have exploited the copper here for the kingdom of Israel and sent laborers to mine copper ore and smelt it for use by metalsmiths and for trade.
It is clear that the Romans also took advantage of these natural resources when they gained control of the Faynan. The region became a destination for forced labor comprised of convicted criminals and slaves.
A few different methods were employed to mine copper during this period, including a shaft-and-gallery technique, as well as a room-and-pillar technique. Both required back-breaking work in almost total darkness around the clock, often with the miners struggling to breathe in the terrible air quality.
The pagan Roman emperors weren’t the only ones to condemn Christians to mine copper in the Faynan, however. Even after the Christians became rulers of the Roman Empire, this form of early Christian persecution continued in use to punish condemned heretics and adherents of rival sects.
Read more about early Christian persecution and the ancient process to mine copper in the Faynan (Jordan) in Thomas Levy and Mohammad Najjar’s “Condemned to the Mines,” Biblical Archaeology Review, November/December 2011.
Not a BAS Library member yet? Join the BAS Library today.
Interested in the latest archaeological technology? Researchers at the UCSD’s Calit2 laboratory recently released the free BAS eBook Cyber-Archaeology in the Holy Land — The Future of the Past, featuring the latest research on GPS, Light Detection and Ranging Laser Scanning, unmanned aerial drones, 3D artifact scans, CAVE visualization environments and much more.
Related content in Bible History Daily:
Skilled Craftsmen, Not Slaves, Smelted Copper at Timna
Life Was Not So Bad for Smelters
Tarshish: Hacksilber Hoards Pinpoint Solomon’s Silver Source
This Bible History Daily feature was originally published in November 2011.
Related Posts
Must-Read Free eBooks
Want more Bible history?
Sign up to receive our email newsletter and never miss an update.
All-Access Membership
All-Access Membership
Dig into the illuminating world of the Bible with a BAS All-Access Membership. Get your print subscription to BAR and your online access to the BAS Library—as well as FREE online talks and Travel/Study discounts. Start your journey into the biblical past today!
Almost all BHD postings could benefit from a map – for example, where are these mines located?
People began to mine copper—or at least collect and work it—by the end of the Neolithic period (7500–5700 B.C.E.). This is heresy, our world is 5772 years old! Heresians!!
The Byzantine orthodoxy, engaged in legal hair-splitting to narrowly define what “real” christianity is, can be summed up in a prophecy from The Apocalypse of Peter, a Gnostic Christian work; “And they will cleave to the name of a dead man, thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into a name of error, and into the hand of an evil, cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically.”