BIBLE HISTORY DAILY

Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans

Who were the Nabataeans?

Who were the Nabataeans? The Siq is a tortuous half-mile-long canyon that winds its way from the entrance of Petra to the large open plaza at the foot of the Khazneh. Formed through countless millennia of geological activity and water action, the canyon was used by the Nabataeans as a ceremonial route into their capital. The sides of the Siq were also outfitted with channels and pipes that carried fresh water into the city.

For every tourist who visits the ancient city of Petra in modern-day Jordan, there is one breathtaking moment that captures all of the grandeur and mystery of this city carved in stone. After passing the final bend of the tortuous narrow canyon that leads into the site (the Siq), one is confronted by the awe-inspiring spectacle of a towering rock-cut façade, its sun-struck sandstone gleaming through the darkness of the canyon.

The façade, popularly known as the Khazneh, or “Treasury,” appears first only as a faint vision, its architectural details and full dimensions crowded out by the darkened walls of the Siq. But as you leave the Siq and enter the large open courtyard that sits before the Khazneh, you begin to realize, with astonishment and wonder, the immensity of the monument that towers above you.

The Khazneh is both unexpectedly familiar, and at the same time, strangely exotic. Its ornamented face is adorned with the columns, capitals and pediments of classical Western architecture, yet it seems entirely out of place in the rugged desert landscape of southern Jordan, an area historically inhabited by flock-tending Bedouin and simple farmers. Perhaps it was this bewildering juxtaposition that made the Khazneh the ideal backdrop for the climactic scene of the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

Al-Khazneh (“the Treasury”), likely a tomb or monument to King Aretas IV who ruled over the Nabataeans from 9 B.C. to 40 A.D.

In many ways, the Khazneh epitomizes the complex character and competing ambitions of the Nabataeans, the industrious Arab people who built the city of Petra and its towering rock-cut monuments (including the Khazneh) over 2,000 years ago. Almost everything about the Nabataeans—their history, their culture, their religion, their technologies and especially their architecture—reflects a society born out of two worlds: one authentically Arabian, and the other unquestionably Hellenized.

The Nabataeans arose from humble nomadic origins in the vast deserts of northern Arabia sometime during the Persian period (539-332 B.C.). By the late fourth century B.C., they had established themselves in the area around Petra (or Reqem, as it was known to them), but they still maintained a largely nomadic existence, moving seasonally across the desert with their tents and herds in search of water and fresh pasture.

But it was also about this time that the Nabataeans began to get involved in the lucrative trade in South Arabian frankincense and myrrh, the same business that had led the Queen of Sheba to visit the court of Solomon some five centuries earlier (1 Kings 10). At first, the Nabataeans were little more than middlemen in the trade, simply responsible for ferrying goods on camelback from Petra to the ports of Gaza and Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast. But as their economic and political fortunes improved in the ensuing centuries, the Nabataeans gained political control over all of the lands bordering the Arabian frontier, a vast territory stretching from Damascus in the north to Hegra in the south.

FREE ebook: Exploring Jordan: The Other Biblical Land. Delve into a legendary land rich with Biblical history.

* Indicates a required field.

By the first century B.C., Petra had become a full-fledged capital city, its rulers raking in considerable profits from an international spice trade that now extended from India to Rome. With such wealth and position, the Nabataean kings had to present both themselves and their city as equal partners in the international community, which at the time meant adopting the styles, tastes and the mores of “western” Hellenistic civilization. Petra, much like Jerusalem under the Herodian dynasty, was to be built as a first-order Greco-Roman city ruled by western-looking kings.

Like most cities of early Roman Palestine, Petra was equipped with a large theater complex that may have seated as many as 6,000. Petra’s theater, however, was carved almost entirely from the area’s natural bedrock.

Indeed, the distinctly Hellenized flavor of Petra is patently obvious to any visitor to the site, even beyond the ornate façade of the Khazneh. Just a half-mile beyond the Treasury, one finds the well-worn but still very impressive remains of a Greco-Roman style theater, its multi-tiered seating not built but rather carved directly from Petra’s rose-colored sandstone bedrock. From the theater’s seats, one can just catch a glimpse of the elaborate, Hellenistic rock-cut façades of the Royal Tombs, thought to be the final resting places of the Nabataean kings and queens.

The first-century A.D. colonnaded street leading through the heart of the Nabataean city of Petra. In the distance is the imposing ruin of Qasr el-Bint, the city’s main temple.

After a short hike beyond the theater, one comes to the heart of ancient Petra: a wide, half-mile long, stone-paved thoroughfare flanked on all sides by the key institutions of the city’s Hellenistic life. On the left, one can spot the remnants of luxurious pools and gardens, as well as a bustling market and a grand temple reached by a monumental staircase; to the right, there is an elegant nymphaeum and an opulent shrine dedicated to al-Uzza, one of the chief goddesses of the Nabataeans.

Further down the avenue, beyond the remains of a towering triumphal gate, stands the imposing edifice of Petra’s main temple, known today as Qasr al-Bint. With its walls preserved to a height of over 75 feet, Qasr al-Bint was built in the guise of a traditional Roman temple, with a broad colonnaded porch leading to a smaller interior shrine, or Holy of Holies. It was likely built in honor of the chief Nabataean god Dushara. Some distance behind this temple, on a hill overlooking the city’s main street, archaeologists have uncovered Petra’s high-rent district (known today as Zantur), where wealthy citizens owned villas adorned with colorful Pompeian-style frescoes and supplied with the finest local and imported wares.


BAS Library Members: Learn more about archaeology in Jordan and the enigmatic Nabataeans in Avraham Negev, “Understanding the Nabataeans”, BAR, November/December 1988, and Joseph J. Basile, “When People Lived at Petra”, Archaeology Odyssey, July/August 2000.

Not a BAS Library or All-Access Member yet? Join today.

Beyond the city center, however, the Hellenistic flavor of Petra gives way to monuments and features that are directly born of the Nabataeans’ nomadic and Arabian origins. A rigorous climb up Jabal al-Madhbah behind the Roman theater, for example, brings you to an open-air sanctuary topped by towering obelisks that was set aside for religious sacrifices and rituals. A similar open-air sanctuary has been found atop neighboring Jebel al-Khubtha to the east. Both sites, in addition to providing stunning views over the heart of ancient Petra and its intricate honeycomb of rock-cut tombs, highlight the importance of traditional high-place sanctuaries within Nabataean society.

 

Perched atop Jabal el-Madhbah, one of the Nabataeans’ many cultic high places, are two towering obelisks carved directly from the natural sandstone bedrock. Their precise meaning and function remain a mystery.

Among the more impressive rock-cut monuments of Petra are the so-called “Royal Tombs” carved into the cliff face of Jebel al-Khubtha. Although the tombs have long since been robbed out and have no inscriptions that indicate their owners, their size, magnificence and Hellenistic style suggest they once held the kings and queens of Nabataea.

The Nabataeans, like many ancient Semitic peoples, represented their deities as unadorned rectangular stone blocks or standing stones, often called “betyls” by scholars. This rock-cut shrine, which houses two such betyls carved side by side (the larger depicted with abstracted facial features), is found in the Siq.

Dotting the cliff faces throughout Petra are hundreds of rock-cut tombs of various size and shape. The façades of the tombs shown here have a characteristic step design which may have emulated Egyptian and even Persian architecture of the period.

 

One also finds depictions of rectangular stone blocks, or betyls, carved in the stones and rock faces throughout Petra’s cavernous passageways. These typically unadorned blocks (though some have schematized facial features) are thought to be traditional representations of Nabataean deities. Simplicity and minimalism in building and decoration is characteristic of the Arabian aspects of Nabataean civilization. Even ad-Deir (“the Monastery”), Petra’s largest and most imposing rock rock-cut façade, located in the hills high above the city, shows an austere Arabian decorative scheme that belies its otherwise Hellenistic architectural style.

The Nabataeans also had to learn to harness the limited water resources of their desert capital. Throughout Petra, Nabataean engineers took advantage of every natural spring and every winter downpour to channel water where it was needed. They constructed aqueducts and piping systems that allowed water to flow across mountains, through gorges and into the temples, homes and gardens of Petra’s citizens. Walking through the Siq, one can easily spot the remains of channels that directed water to the city center, as well as durable retention dams that kept powerful flood waters at bay.

 

Ad-Deir (“the Monastery”) is the largest of Petra’s rock-cut monuments. It may have been carved as a memorial or temple for the deified Nabataean king Obodas I.

The Nabataeans were master engineers and urban planners. To prevent powerful winter rains and flash floods from entering the Siq, for example, the Nabataeans built dams wherever water might enter the canyon.

 

But the apogee of this prosperous desert capital that rivaled Herod’s Jerusalem was short lived. By 106 A.D., the kingdom of Nabataea had been swallowed by the Roman Empire. Although Petra continued to flourish for many years, its importance waned as the overland trade in South Arabian incense declined and the Roman imperial economy collapsed. The city, like much of southern Palestine, was then devastated by an earthquake in 363 A.D. Petra carried on and even saw the rise of a significant Christian community, but it never again attained its former glory.


FREE ebook: Exploring Jordan: The Other Biblical Land. Delve into a legendary land rich with Biblical history.

* Indicates a required field.

Glenn J. Corbett is Editor-in-Chief of Biblical Archaeology Review Magazine. He was Associate Director of the American Center of Oriental Research (ACOR) in Amman, Jordan, Director of the Wadi Hafir Petroglyph Survey. He received his Ph.D. in Near Eastern archaeology from the University of Chicago, where his research focused on the epigraphic and archaeological remains of pre-Islamic Arabia.


Related content in Bible History Daily:

Site-Seeing: Petra’s Temple of the Winged Lions

New Petra Monument Spotted Through Satellites

Casting New Light on Petra

Cyber-Archaeology at Petra

Re-dating Nabatean Farming at Petra

Exposing Petra’s North Ridge

ACOR’s Photo Archive


This Bible History Daily article was originally published in August 2012.


 

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24 Responses

  1. Valora says:

    The title “Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans” makes no sense.
    This was like a walk-through of Petra – interesting, sure, but not what I was looking for – nothing solved, especially ‘the enigma’.

  2. Joe Gazali says:

    Not big on source citations, huh?

    Often people like to say from where what they are saying comes, otherwise it looks like you don’t have a source or have something to hide.

    Not one citation though. Nothing.

  3. Olavo Giannelli Netto says:

    Have Khazneh mentioned in bible?
    The Nabateans I heard was, but the structure, being so grandious and so close to there. I wonder because they were from a different religion and culture, but even though I am curious about this.

  4. jack says:

    If you where a young man say 200 miles away from Petra during the days of JESUS. Would you have like to have visited the city? What would you have learned from such a worldly place?

  5. TIFF says:

    If you look at the front the roman numbers spell,s Lilith the first wife of Adam .i believe that was built by the tribe of juda in worship of Lilith …….

  6. The Kingdoms of Ancient Arabia says:

    […] we know anything about commercial, cultural, or political relations between the Nabataeans and the kingdoms of southern Arabia? Can one draw parallels between cosmopolitan Petra and […]

  7. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It's Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) - AltoSky - AltoSky says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  8. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It's Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | Omaha Sun Times says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  9. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It's Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | We Report says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  10. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It’s Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  11. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It’s Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | ONews.US - Latest Breaking News says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  12. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It’s Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | Nosmerca says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  13. Casting New peaceful on PetraSignals News | Signals News says:

    […] of Petra within a late fourth century B.C. As described in a Bible story day by day immorality “fixing a Enigma of Petra and a Nabataeans,” a Nabataeans rose to rhythm in a surreptitious centuries with their corner within a essential South […]

  14. john says:

    the nephilim built it …..

  15. Rick Carpenter says:

    The dates of Antipas’ marriage to and especially divorce from the daughter of the Nabatean king would clear up so much!!!

  16. Casting New Light on Petra | newsantiques.com says:

    […] in a area of Petra in a late fourth century B.C. As described in a Bible History Daily underline “Solving a Enigma of Petra and a Nabataeans,” a Nabataeans rose to inflection in a indirect centuries with their impasse in a remunerative South […]

  17. Casting New Light on Petra - Creation RevolutionCreation Revolution says:

    […] area of Petra in the late fourth century B.C. As described in the Bible History Daily feature “Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans,” the Nabataeans rose to prominence in the ensuing centuries with their involvement in the lucrative […]

  18. Tatjana says:

    What have archaeologists learnt from the remains of Petra? Someone answer please

  19. Jami says:

    I believe Petra was build by a lost (diaspora) tribe of Judeans. It is simply implausible to suggest nomadic Arabs were responsible for the architecture of the lost city of Petra.

  20. elmhurst co-op for sale says:

    Hello, I enjoy reading all of your article. I wanted to
    write a little comment to support you.

  21. dana reynolds says:

    The ancient nabataeans before the Romans are not as enigmatic as they have been made out to be. Neither are the rest of the biblical people mentioned in Genesis. See my posting for the evidence.

    THE BANU SOLEYM AND SOLYMI OF JOSEPHUS: KING SOLOMON’S MINERS

    afroasiatics.blogspot.com

    Thanks in advance.

  22. Mustard Fr. Greg Reynolds Inclusive Catholics Australia | Big Pulpit says:

    […] Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans – Joey Corbett, Bible History Daily […]

  23. Roger Gire says:

    Is it possible to find how long it took for Joey to get his doctorate from Chicago.
    and how old he is. I also participated in the dig site at Ashkelon in the 90’s.
    Anyone who has this info. would greatly be appreciated. Enjoyed the article. – RG

  24. Bill Kabaker says:

    I would like to email a question regarding Petra’s water system to Joey Corbett.

Write a Reply or Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


24 Responses

  1. Valora says:

    The title “Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans” makes no sense.
    This was like a walk-through of Petra – interesting, sure, but not what I was looking for – nothing solved, especially ‘the enigma’.

  2. Joe Gazali says:

    Not big on source citations, huh?

    Often people like to say from where what they are saying comes, otherwise it looks like you don’t have a source or have something to hide.

    Not one citation though. Nothing.

  3. Olavo Giannelli Netto says:

    Have Khazneh mentioned in bible?
    The Nabateans I heard was, but the structure, being so grandious and so close to there. I wonder because they were from a different religion and culture, but even though I am curious about this.

  4. jack says:

    If you where a young man say 200 miles away from Petra during the days of JESUS. Would you have like to have visited the city? What would you have learned from such a worldly place?

  5. TIFF says:

    If you look at the front the roman numbers spell,s Lilith the first wife of Adam .i believe that was built by the tribe of juda in worship of Lilith …….

  6. The Kingdoms of Ancient Arabia says:

    […] we know anything about commercial, cultural, or political relations between the Nabataeans and the kingdoms of southern Arabia? Can one draw parallels between cosmopolitan Petra and […]

  7. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It's Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) - AltoSky - AltoSky says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  8. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It's Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | Omaha Sun Times says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  9. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It's Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | We Report says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  10. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It’s Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  11. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It’s Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | ONews.US - Latest Breaking News says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  12. Researchers Say Petra, Ancient Nabatean City, May Have Been Built For The Gods, And It’s Not Hard To See Why (PHOTOS) | Nosmerca says:

    […] believe the pre-Islamic culture of the Nabataeans to have drawn from Persian and Hellenistic civilizations. Some of their primary deities may have adopted Greco-Roman identities over time, including one […]

  13. Casting New peaceful on PetraSignals News | Signals News says:

    […] of Petra within a late fourth century B.C. As described in a Bible story day by day immorality “fixing a Enigma of Petra and a Nabataeans,” a Nabataeans rose to rhythm in a surreptitious centuries with their corner within a essential South […]

  14. john says:

    the nephilim built it …..

  15. Rick Carpenter says:

    The dates of Antipas’ marriage to and especially divorce from the daughter of the Nabatean king would clear up so much!!!

  16. Casting New Light on Petra | newsantiques.com says:

    […] in a area of Petra in a late fourth century B.C. As described in a Bible History Daily underline “Solving a Enigma of Petra and a Nabataeans,” a Nabataeans rose to inflection in a indirect centuries with their impasse in a remunerative South […]

  17. Casting New Light on Petra - Creation RevolutionCreation Revolution says:

    […] area of Petra in the late fourth century B.C. As described in the Bible History Daily feature “Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans,” the Nabataeans rose to prominence in the ensuing centuries with their involvement in the lucrative […]

  18. Tatjana says:

    What have archaeologists learnt from the remains of Petra? Someone answer please

  19. Jami says:

    I believe Petra was build by a lost (diaspora) tribe of Judeans. It is simply implausible to suggest nomadic Arabs were responsible for the architecture of the lost city of Petra.

  20. elmhurst co-op for sale says:

    Hello, I enjoy reading all of your article. I wanted to
    write a little comment to support you.

  21. dana reynolds says:

    The ancient nabataeans before the Romans are not as enigmatic as they have been made out to be. Neither are the rest of the biblical people mentioned in Genesis. See my posting for the evidence.

    THE BANU SOLEYM AND SOLYMI OF JOSEPHUS: KING SOLOMON’S MINERS

    afroasiatics.blogspot.com

    Thanks in advance.

  22. Mustard Fr. Greg Reynolds Inclusive Catholics Australia | Big Pulpit says:

    […] Solving the Enigma of Petra and the Nabataeans – Joey Corbett, Bible History Daily […]

  23. Roger Gire says:

    Is it possible to find how long it took for Joey to get his doctorate from Chicago.
    and how old he is. I also participated in the dig site at Ashkelon in the 90’s.
    Anyone who has this info. would greatly be appreciated. Enjoyed the article. – RG

  24. Bill Kabaker says:

    I would like to email a question regarding Petra’s water system to Joey Corbett.

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